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Pre-Classical Yoga

Sometime between 1800 and 1500 B.C.E., Gnostic texts called the Upanishads appeared. The 200 or so scriptures comprising the Upanishads, explained the transcendental self; (atman) and its relation to the ultimate reality (brahman). The Karma doctrine is believed to have originated with the Upanishads as well. Just as the New Testament rests upon but furthers the Old Testament, so too, the Upanishads further expounds upon the scriptures of the Vedas. The teaching of the Upanishads dawned the era of Preclassical Yoga.

Around 1400 B.C.E., Vyasa, a great sage, categorized the Vedic hymns into the 4 Vedic texts as we know them today: Rig Veda("Knowledge of Praise"), Yajur-Veda ("Knowledge of Sacrifice"), Sama-Veda ("Knowledge of Chants"), and Atharva-Veda ("Knowledge of Atharvan"). In 1200 B.C.E. Rishabha, the great enlightend teacher, started the tradition known as Jainism, also dedicated to liberation of the spirit. Then in 1000 B.C.E., a second urbanization began along the banks of the Ganges River (the former Indus-Sarasvati civilization). Later, the beginnings of Buddhism started to surface in the sixth century B.C.E. Lord Buddha's teachings stressed meditation and ethics over physical postures. Buddhism had some crossover into Hinduism, however, Yoga sages saw the limitations of ignoring the physical purification process. Siddhartha Gautama a skilled in meditation, attained enlightenment at the age of 35. He was one of the first Buddhists, who studied Yoga as well.

Written about 500 B.C.E., The Bhagavad-Gita is the first scripture devoted entirely to Yoga. Today The Bhagavad-Gita has had perhaps, the most profound influence on Hindu culture and philosophy. This sacred text confirms that Yoga was quite ancient by the time of its writing. Only 700 verses long, The Gita is a conversation between Prince Arjuna and the God-man Krishna. The Gita's message is to oppose evil in the world. The importance of the Gita is that it was the first synthesis of the various yogic traditions, attempting to blend Jnana-Yoga.Bhakati-Yoga and Karma-Yoga together. Buddhism quickly grew, and in 480 B.C.E. senior disciples of Buddha systematized the Buddhist teachings. For the next few hundred years, the canonical scriptures of Buddhism were codified. In 300 B.C.E., Jaimini composed the Mimamsa-Sutra, the first authoritative text of Hinduism. Jaimini is regarded as a disciple of Vyasa. Soon after this, Emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism and extensively disseminated Buddhism. This was the greatest era of Buddhist influence in India.

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